FlyBy E6B

User Manual

Minimum Requirements
Installation
Uninstalling
Registering
Program Updates
Using FlyBy E6B
Reporting Errors/bugs
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Version History
Disclaimer
License Agreement

30-Day Trial Version
Copyright © 2000-2010 SkyWriter Software
email: support@skywritersoft.com
web: http://www.skywritersoft.com

FlyBy E6B is released as shareware and must be registered for continued use. The author assumes no responsibility for damages caused by this program.

Please read the License Agreement and Disclaimer found in this document.

Make sure to back up (HotSync®) your data before installing the program.

This is the 30-Day Trial version of FlyBy E6B for Palm OS computers.
It is a full version of the program. Registering removes the time limit.

You are free to use this program for up to 30 days in order to evaluate it. If you continue to use it beyond 30 days, you must purchase and register it. For purchase/registration information, please visit Handango at http://www.handango.com.

Minimum Requirements

To run FlyBy E6B you need:
Computer running Palm OS 3.0 or higher.
Shared Math library (included).

Note: FlyBy E6B Version 2 and above will not work with Palm OS 3.0 and earlier. For those devices please use FlyBy E6B v1.48.

Installation

Along with the FlyBy E6B program, you will need to install the Math Library.

Note: MathLib is a free, shared library that can be used by any OS 2.0 Pilot program that needs IEEE 754 double precision math functions. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, and is freely available with full source code and documentation at the MathLib Information web page. It is not a part of the FlyBy E6B program, and you are not paying anything for its use; a copy is simply included with this program for your convenience.

This program was written with CASL Pro. CASL is a very easy to learn "Visual Basic" type programming language that we highly recommend to anyone wanting to write their own own programs. Check out their web site for more info. http://www.caslsoft.com/

Install steps:
1. Create a directory, for example C:\FlyByE6B\. Copy the FlyByE6B.zip file into the directory and unzip the FlyByE6B.zip file. If you do not have WinZip installed, you may download an evaluation copy at www.winzip.com.
You should have the following files in the new directory:
FlyByE6B.prc
MathLib.prc

2. Using the Palm "Install Tool"*, install:
FlyByE6B.prc
MathLib.prc

When you run the FlyBy E6B program you will see an introduction screen with an input line on the top right hand corner. If you have paid for the program then insert your registration code there and press "OK". If you are going to demo the program for the 30-day period, that screen will show each time your run the program.

*The Palm "Install Tool" is an application that is supplied with your Palm Pilot. You will normally find it in your "Palm Desktop" folder.

Uninstalling

Simply delete FlyBy E6B using the Palm's application delete utility.

Registering

To register FlyBy E6B you will need to provide your user name from your Palm. This is the name that is displayed in the upper right hand corner when you select the HotSync® program. It is the name you registered when the HotSync® was run for the first time. You must provide the name exactly as it appears. The registration code is generated from your name and is case sensitive.

For example "Tom Smith" is the user name from this HotSync® screen:

The program will only run on the Palm computer in which it was registered.
You may purchase FlyBy E6B at Handango http://www.handango.com.
You will receive your registration code by email a day or two after purchasing the software.
Please record you registration number on paper, and in a safe place. If FlyBy E6B is ever re-installed you will need to input the registration code again.

FlyBy E6B displays the registration screen each time you start an unregistered copy of it. Simply input the registration code in the upper right hand corner of the registration screen and press "OK".

Program Updates

FlyBy E6B update notices will be emailed to registered users.
Minor changes to version 1.0 will be upgraded free of charge.

Using FlyBy E6B

FlyBy E6B has been designed so that you really shouldn't need to read this manual to use all of its features.
We have tried to keep this program quick and simple. Most screens are designed so that you simply input values you know and the calculated values are displayed as you input a value.

Remember: "GARBAGE IN = GARBAGE OUT!"

The program follows standard Palm conventions so if you are familiar with the programs that came with your computer then you should not have any troubles. Input lines where you can enter data into are underlined with a dotted line. You can either use Graffiti or the onscreen keyboard to enter data into these lines.

Note: If an input line value exceeds the length of the line, you may still view the entire number by selecting the input line and then pressing the onscreen keyboard.

Main Screen

When you start FlyBy E6B you should see the screen shown. From here you will be able to select the function you require.

Setup

The Setup feature enables you to change the temperature units to Celsius or Fahrenheit. Altimeter setting from inches of mercury or Hectopascals/Millibars. Speed Units from Knots, Miles per hour or Kilometers per hour.

The Airspeed Recovery Ct (Coefficient) is used in calculating TOAT in the True Airspeed formulas. This will vary depending on the aircraft you fly. If you do not know the Ct for your aircraft, use 0.9. If you fly an aircraft with a Total Air Temperature system (TAT), use 1.00.

Airspeed

There are five different airspeed calculations available.

TAS Using CAS
Calculates True Airspeed using Calibrated Airspeed. Outputs will be True Airspeed, Mach#, TOAT and ISA for that altitude. The displayed Mach# is calculated using pressure altitude and standard (ISA) temperature at the altitude rather than the calculated TOAT.

TAS Using MACH#
Calculates True Airspeed using MACH#. Inputs are Mach# and Indicated Outside Air Temperature. The outputs are TAS and TOAT.

CAS Using TAS
Calculates Calibrated Airspeed. Inputs are TAS, Pressure Altitude and Temperature. Outputs are CAS and ISA for that altitude.

EAS Using CAS
Calculates Equivalent Airspeed. Inputs are CAS and Pressure Altitude. EAS is CAS corrected for compressibility.

MACH# Using TAS
Calculates Mach number. Inputs are TAS and indicated outside air temperature.

Wind

Wind Dir+Speed
Calculates the actual wind direction and speed. Inputs are TAS, GroundSpeed, Track and Heading.

Wind Component
Calculates crosswind and headwind or tailwind components for take-off and landing given the Track (runway heading), Wind Direction, and speed. It also displays a minimum JBI reading required for maintaining aircraft directional control with the calculated crosswind. JBI is an old method of determining runway friction and has been replaced by the new CRFI (Runway Friction Index). The displayed JBI reading is ADVISORY ONLY. Consult your aircraft operating handbook for actual figures.

Heading + GS

Calculates Heading, Groundspeed, Estimated Time Enroute and Fuel Burned. Inputs are Distance, True Airpseed, Track, Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Fuel Flow.

Time/Speed/Distance

There are 6 different functions.

ETE
Calculates Estimated Time Enroute given Distance and Groundspeed.

Groundspeed
Calculates Groundspeed given Distance and Estimated Time Enroute.

Distance
Calculates Distance given Groundspeed and Estimated Time Enroute.

Fuel Time
Calculates Fuel Time given Fuel Quantity and Fuel Flow.

Fuel Flow
Calculates the Fuel Flow given Fuel Quantity and Time Enroute.

Fuel Burned
Calculates the Fuel Burned given Fuel Flow and Time Enroute.

ETA
Calculates an ETA given Time Off and Time Enroute. Will also calculate Time Enroute given Time Off and ETA. Decimal hours are also calculated for Time Enroute. Great for calculating time for your log book.

Altitude

Density Altitude
Calculates Density Altitude. Inputs are Pressure Altitude and True Outside Air Temperature.

Pressure Altitude
Calculates Pressure Altitude. Inputs are Indicated Altitude and Altimeter Setting.

True Altitude
Calculates True Altitude. Inputs are Pressure Altitude, Indicated Altitude, True Outside Air Temperature, and Altimeter Source Elevation (the elevation of the ground station giving your current Altimeter Setting).

Alt. Correction
Calculates the Altitude Correction required in cold air conditions. Inputs are Minimum Sector Altitude, Procedure Turn Altitude, Final Approach Fix Altitude, Minimum Altitude, Airport Elevation and Airport Temperature. The Final Approach Fix and Minima corrected altitudes are rounded up to the nearest 10 foot increment. The Sector and Procedure Turn altitudes are rounded up to the nearest 100 foot increment.

Nav

Critical Point
Calculates the distance and time to the critical point. Inputs are Distance, reduced (emergency) Groundspeed Out, reduced Groundspeed Back, and your Actual Groundspeed Out. Critical Point is the point somewhere along your route from which it is equally quick to fly to either your departure or destination point after an emergency has seriously reduced the performance of the aircraft. Critical Point should not be confused with PNR, as they are both different calculations. PNR is a fuel problem, where as Critical Point is a time problem.

Point of No Return
Calculates the distance and time to the Point of No Return. Inputs are Groundspeed Out, Groundspeed Back, and Fuel Safe Hours (not including reserves). PNR is the amount of distance along a route that you can fly and still be able to safely return to your departure point.

Note: If you have used the Heading + GS module to calculate your groundspeed, the GS Out and GS Back inputs will automatically contain the values from the Heading + GS module.

Time to MDA
Time to Minimum Descent Altitude and Missed Approach Point. Calculates the time to Missed Approach given the aircraft's final approach groundspeed. In addition, it will calculate the timing and minimum rate of descent from the Final Approach Fix to the visibility distance point so that you may plan your descent to be level at the MDA no later than this point. Descending to the MDA at the visibility distance back from the runway greatly increases the pilot's chances to get the runway visual and land normally. Of course, these calculations should be performed before the approach is commenced.

Track + Distance
Calculates the track and distance between two coordinate points.

Radius of Turn
Calculates the radius (Nm) of a standard rate one turn and the bank angle required for a given True Airspeed. The default maximum bank angle is 25 degrees. If airspeeds greater than 170 Kts are entered then the bank angle will be restricted to 25 degrees and the time for a 180 degree turn will be displayed.

Vertical Nav

Distance + Time
Calculates the distance and time for an altitude change. Inputs are Altitude Change, Groundspeed, and Vertical Speed in Feet per minute.

Rate of Descent
Calculates the Rate of Descent and Time required for an altitude change. Inputs are Altitude Change, Groundspeed, and Distance.

Descent Angle
Calculates the Rate of Descent, Time, and Distance covered in a descent. Inputs are Altitude Change, Groundspeed, and Descent angle.

Conversions

Distance
Converts either Nautical Miles or Knots (Nm or Kts), Statute Miles or Miles Per Hour (Sm or Mph), Kilometers or Kilometers Per Hour (Km or Kph), Feet, Meters and Meters/Second.
Note: If you input Meters/Second then the Feet and Meters lines will show Feet/hour and Meters/hour.

Volume
Converts either US Gallons, Imperial Gallons, or Litres.

Temperature
Converts either Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Weight
Converts either Pounds or Kilograms.

Altimeter
Converts Inches of Mercury, Millibars/Hectopascals and mmHg .

JetA, JetB, AvGas
Calculates and converts the fuel weight and volume of a given quantity of JetA, JetB, or Avgas given the temperature of the fuel. Note: The fuel Weight/Volume formulas are based on an average of fuel densities and may not correspond exactly to the density of the fuel you may be using in your aircraft!

Reporting Errors/bugs

In the highly unlikely event that you find and error in the FlyBy E6B program, please email a detailed explanation to:
support@skywritersoft.com. Please write "FlyBy E6B ERROR" in the subject line and include as much information as you can about the problem. If an error is found and corrected the reply email will include an updated FlyBy E6B program file for you to install.

FAQ

Q: After inputting my registration number I get the following message: "Your Registration code is incorrect. Try again.".

A: First try using the onscreen keyboard to verify you did not enter any digits in error. If you cannot get the registration number to work then select the menu key, then "Help" and then "Reg.Key". Write down the user name and numbers the program displays and email them to us at support@skywritersoft.com. We will then be able to send you a registration code that matches your user name.

Version History

13 April 2000
FlyBy E6B Version History
====================
19 August 2000
Version 1.1
New Features added:
- Added ETA time function.
- Added Track and Distance function.

====================
05 November 2000
Version 1.2

New Feature added:
- Added Radius of turn function.
Bug Fix:
- True Altitude calculation was not using ISA above 35,000'.
====================
02 December 2000
Version 1.21
Bug Fix:
- Fixed problem with no 30 day trial during December.
====================
07 December 2000
Version 1.3
New Features added:
- Added mmHg to the altimeter conversion.
- Added meters/second to the distance conversion.
====================
18 December 2000
Version 1.31
Bug Fix:
- Density Altitude calculation was not working above 36,000'
====================
16 May 2001
Version 1.32
-Changed registration code numbers
====================
28 September 2001
Version 1.34
-Updated to CASL runtime v3.2.
====================
18 Sept. 2001
Version 1.35
- Fixed screen refreshing problems associated with new CASL 3.2 runtime
====================
28 December 2001
Version 1.4
-Fixed another screen refreshing problem with selecting a blank item on the menu, CASL 3.2 runtime issue.
-Updated to support color devices.
-Updated to stand alone application. No longer requires CASL runtime.
-Removed shareware Nag screens.
====================
13 January 2002
Version 1.41
-Added version 1.31 and earlier registration codes
====================
8 February 2002
Version 1.42
-Changed registration number data file.
Version 1.43
-Added Rhumb line calculation to Track and Distance feature.
-Changed input lines back to single line input.
-Registration number is now automatically saved in the memo pad during install.
====================
23 February 2003
Version 1.44
-Fixed Pressure Altitude, Indicated Alt. default variable.
Version 1.45
-Upgraded to CASL 3.3.
Version 1.46
-Added Kts/Mph/Kph speed selector.
====================
4 March 2003
Version 1.47
-Fixed bug in Temperature Units & Speed selector when program is run for the first time.
====================
12 August 2003
Version 2.1
-Converted to OS5.
-Added numeric filtering to all inputs.
====================
27 August 2003
Version 2.11
-Fixed PNR screen not showing from v2.1 update.
====================
31 August 2003
Version 2.12
-Fixed Setup Temperature Units not displaying correctly from v2.11.
====================
17 Dec. 2003
Version 2.15
-CASL 4.1.1, Palm OS 3.0 and above support.
====================
4 April 2004
Version 2.17
-CASL 4.1.4, Fixed Tungsten T3 reset on exit.
====================
4 Jan. 2005
Version 2.18
-Changed Glideslope function to Descent Angle. Changed Kph to Km/h, (feet/h), (m/h).
====================
4 Jan. 2005
Version 2.19
-Added fuel flow to Heading + GS function.
====================
20 Jan. 2005
Version 2.20
-Added Altitude Cold Temperature Correction to Altitude functions.
====================
26 Jan. 2005
Version 2.21
-Added bank angle limit to Radius of Turn function.
====================
3 Oct. 2005
Version 2.22
-Fixed Fuel Flow label in Hdg/Gs function.
====================
14 Nov. 2005
Version 2.24
-Changed True Altitude function to use Altimeter setting input instead of Pressure Altitude.
-CASL 4.2, Fixed Palm TX reset on exit.#v2.25 fixed registration number not saving on PPC version.
====================
2 Feb. 2010
v2.26 CASL 4.3 compile. Fixed Track and Distance Longitude input field width for PPC.
v2.27 Increased input box hight to accomodate Treo700w.
v2.28 Increased input box width for PPC screen size.
v2.29 Added default values for Temp Correction function.
v2.30 Added default values for mda, added picture.
====================
22 Feb. 2010
v2.31 Increased AvGas conversion specific gravity.

Disclaimer

The responsibility for ensuring that the answers given by this program are accurate enough for your purposes lies entirely with you. FlyBy E6B is sold "as is" without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, warranties of title or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as to the quality, accuracy, adequacy, completeness, correctness and validity of any computed results rests with you. Under no circumstances shall the author and distributors be liable for any incidental or consequential costs, expenses, or damages arising out of the use of FlyBy E6B. SkyWriter Software is not responsible for any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages that may result from the use of, or the inability to use, FlyBy E6B. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall SkyWriter Software's total liability to you for any and all claims, damages, losses, and causes of action exceed the amount paid by you for the FlyBy E6B program.
Warning: FlyBy E6B is not approved by the FAA or other agencies or the Ministry for use in flight planning or flight operations.

License Agreement

SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT OF SKYWRITER SOFTWARE.

IMPORTANT-READ CAREFULLY:
SKYWRITER SOFTWARE("LICENSOR") IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE ENCLOSED SOFTWARE TO YOU ONLY IF YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS IN THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THE TERMS CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU INSTALL THIS SOFTWARE BECAUSE BY EXERCISING YOUR RIGHTS TO MAKE AND USE COPIES OF THE SOFTWARE, YOU ARE AGREEING TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS SKYWRITER SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS, LICENSOR WILL NOT LICENSE THIS SOFTWARE TO YOU, AND IN THAT CASE YOU SHOULD RETURN THIS PRODUCT PROMPTLY, INCLUDING THE PACKAGING, THIS DISK, AND ALL WRITTEN MATERIALS, TO THE PLACE OF PURCHASE FOR A FULL REFUND.

Ownership of the Software
1. The enclosed Licensor FlyBy E6B(tm) software program ("Software") and the accompanying written materials are owned by Licensor and are protected by Canadian Copyright Laws, by laws of other nations, and by international treaties.
Grant Of License
2. Licensor grants to you the right to use one copy of the Software on a single Palm OS (tm) ("Device"). You may load one copy into storage memory of one Device and may use that copy only on that same Device.
Restrictions on Use and Transfer
3. If this Software package contains multiple media types, then you may use only type media appropriate for your computer. You may not use the other size media on another computer or loan, rent, transfer, or assign them to another user except as part of the permanent transfer of the Software and all written materials (as provided for below).
4.You may not copy the Software, except that (1) you may make one copy of the Software solely for backup or archival purposes, and (2) you may transfer the Software to a single hard disk provided you keep the original solely for backup or archival purposes. You may not copy or reproduce the written materials.
5. You may permanently transfer the Software and accompanying written materials (including the most recent update and all prior versions) if you retain no copies and the transferee agrees to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. Such a transfer terminates your license. You may not rent or lease the Software or otherwise transfer or assign the right to use the Software, except as stated in this paragraph.
6. You may not modify, adapt, translate, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or create derivative works based on the SOFTWARE and/or written materials without the prior written consent of SkyWriter Software
This license is effective until terminated. It may be terminated by you by destroying the SOFTWARE. It will terminate automatically if you fail to comply with any provisions of this license agreement, and upon such termination you shall destroy the SOFTWARE and all written materials. SkyWriter Software retains all rights not expressly granted. Nothing in this License agreement constitutes a waiver of SkyWriter Software's rights under Canadian, US, or other Copyright laws or any other federal, provincial, territory, or state law.

LIMITED WARRANTY
SkyWriter Software warrants that the storage media on which the software is distributed and the documentation are free from defects in material and workmanship. SkyWriter Software will replace defective media or documentation at no charge, provided you return them, with dated proof of payment, to SkyWriter Software within 30 days of the date of receipt. If SkyWriter Software is unable to replace defective media or documentation, SkyWriter Software will refund the SOFTWARE purchase price. These are your sole remedies for any breach of warranty.
Except as specifically provided above, SkyWriter Software makes no warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to this software or documentation, including their quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.
In no event will SkyWriter Software be liable for loss of profit, bodily injury, or direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use of or inability to use the software or documentation, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. In no case shall SkyWriter Software's liability exceed the amount of the SOFTWARE purchase price.
Because software is inherently complex and may not be completely free of errors, you are advised to verify the computed results.
The warranty and remedies set forth above are exclusive and in lieu of all others, oral or written, express or implied.

GENERAL
SkyWriter Software reserves the right to make modifications to the SOFTWARE, database format, and manual at any time and without notice. SkyWriter Software is not obligated to provide future versions of, or support for FlyBy E6B.The SOFTWARE and documentation is protected by copyright. SkyWriter Software. All rights reserved.

This manual, all of the text, the FlyBy E6B program and the look and feel of the FlyBy E6B program are copyrighted © 2000-2007 by SkyWriter Software.
Graffiti, HotSync®, PalmPilot, Palm, PalmOS, Palm Desktop are trademarks of or copyrighted by 3Com and/or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
Windows is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.
Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Last Updated 02 Feb. 2010

	Main Screen When you start FlyBy E6B you should see the screen shown. From here you will be able to select the function you require.
	Setup The Setup feature enables you to change the temperature units to Celsius or Fahrenheit. Altimeter setting from inches of mercury or Hectopascals/Millibars. Speed Units from Knots, Miles per hour or Kilometers per hour. The Airspeed Recovery Ct (Coefficient) is used in calculating TOAT in the True Airspeed formulas. This will vary depending on the aircraft you fly. If you do not know the Ct for your aircraft, use 0.9. If you fly an aircraft with a Total Air Temperature system (TAT), use 1.00.
	Airspeed There are five different airspeed calculations available. TAS Using CAS Calculates True Airspeed using Calibrated Airspeed. Outputs will be True Airspeed, Mach#, TOAT and ISA for that altitude. The displayed Mach# is calculated using pressure altitude and standard (ISA) temperature at the altitude rather than the calculated TOAT. TAS Using MACH# Calculates True Airspeed using MACH#. Inputs are Mach# and Indicated Outside Air Temperature. The outputs are TAS and TOAT. CAS Using TAS Calculates Calibrated Airspeed. Inputs are TAS, Pressure Altitude and Temperature. Outputs are CAS and ISA for that altitude. EAS Using CAS Calculates Equivalent Airspeed. Inputs are CAS and Pressure Altitude. EAS is CAS corrected for compressibility. MACH# Using TAS Calculates Mach number. Inputs are TAS and indicated outside air temperature.
	Wind Wind Dir+Speed Calculates the actual wind direction and speed. Inputs are TAS, GroundSpeed, Track and Heading. Wind Component Calculates crosswind and headwind or tailwind components for take-off and landing given the Track (runway heading), Wind Direction, and speed. It also displays a minimum JBI reading required for maintaining aircraft directional control with the calculated crosswind. JBI is an old method of determining runway friction and has been replaced by the new CRFI (Runway Friction Index). The displayed JBI reading is ADVISORY ONLY. Consult your aircraft operating handbook for actual figures.
	Heading + GS Calculates Heading, Groundspeed, Estimated Time Enroute and Fuel Burned. Inputs are Distance, True Airpseed, Track, Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Fuel Flow.
	Time/Speed/Distance There are 6 different functions. ETE Calculates Estimated Time Enroute given Distance and Groundspeed. Groundspeed Calculates Groundspeed given Distance and Estimated Time Enroute. Distance Calculates Distance given Groundspeed and Estimated Time Enroute. Fuel Time Calculates Fuel Time given Fuel Quantity and Fuel Flow. Fuel Flow Calculates the Fuel Flow given Fuel Quantity and Time Enroute. Fuel Burned Calculates the Fuel Burned given Fuel Flow and Time Enroute. ETA Calculates an ETA given Time Off and Time Enroute. Will also calculate Time Enroute given Time Off and ETA. Decimal hours are also calculated for Time Enroute. Great for calculating time for your log book.
	Altitude Density Altitude Calculates Density Altitude. Inputs are Pressure Altitude and True Outside Air Temperature. Pressure Altitude Calculates Pressure Altitude. Inputs are Indicated Altitude and Altimeter Setting. True Altitude Calculates True Altitude. Inputs are Pressure Altitude, Indicated Altitude, True Outside Air Temperature, and Altimeter Source Elevation (the elevation of the ground station giving your current Altimeter Setting). Alt. Correction Calculates the Altitude Correction required in cold air conditions. Inputs are Minimum Sector Altitude, Procedure Turn Altitude, Final Approach Fix Altitude, Minimum Altitude, Airport Elevation and Airport Temperature. The Final Approach Fix and Minima corrected altitudes are rounded up to the nearest 10 foot increment. The Sector and Procedure Turn altitudes are rounded up to the nearest 100 foot increment.
	Nav Critical Point Calculates the distance and time to the critical point. Inputs are Distance, reduced (emergency) Groundspeed Out, reduced Groundspeed Back, and your Actual Groundspeed Out. Critical Point is the point somewhere along your route from which it is equally quick to fly to either your departure or destination point after an emergency has seriously reduced the performance of the aircraft. Critical Point should not be confused with PNR, as they are both different calculations. PNR is a fuel problem, where as Critical Point is a time problem. Point of No Return Calculates the distance and time to the Point of No Return. Inputs are Groundspeed Out, Groundspeed Back, and Fuel Safe Hours (not including reserves). PNR is the amount of distance along a route that you can fly and still be able to safely return to your departure point. Note: If you have used the Heading + GS module to calculate your groundspeed, the GS Out and GS Back inputs will automatically contain the values from the Heading + GS module. Time to MDA Time to Minimum Descent Altitude and Missed Approach Point. Calculates the time to Missed Approach given the aircraft's final approach groundspeed. In addition, it will calculate the timing and minimum rate of descent from the Final Approach Fix to the visibility distance point so that you may plan your descent to be level at the MDA no later than this point. Descending to the MDA at the visibility distance back from the runway greatly increases the pilot's chances to get the runway visual and land normally. Of course, these calculations should be performed before the approach is commenced. Track + Distance Calculates the track and distance between two coordinate points. Radius of Turn Calculates the radius (Nm) of a standard rate one turn and the bank angle required for a given True Airspeed. The default maximum bank angle is 25 degrees. If airspeeds greater than 170 Kts are entered then the bank angle will be restricted to 25 degrees and the time for a 180 degree turn will be displayed.
	Vertical Nav Distance + Time Calculates the distance and time for an altitude change. Inputs are Altitude Change, Groundspeed, and Vertical Speed in Feet per minute. Rate of Descent Calculates the Rate of Descent and Time required for an altitude change. Inputs are Altitude Change, Groundspeed, and Distance. Descent Angle Calculates the Rate of Descent, Time, and Distance covered in a descent. Inputs are Altitude Change, Groundspeed, and Descent angle.
	Conversions Distance Converts either Nautical Miles or Knots (Nm or Kts), Statute Miles or Miles Per Hour (Sm or Mph), Kilometers or Kilometers Per Hour (Km or Kph), Feet, Meters and Meters/Second. Note: If you input Meters/Second then the Feet and Meters lines will show Feet/hour and Meters/hour. Volume Converts either US Gallons, Imperial Gallons, or Litres. Temperature Converts either Celsius or Fahrenheit. Weight Converts either Pounds or Kilograms. Altimeter Converts Inches of Mercury, Millibars/Hectopascals and mmHg . JetA, JetB, AvGas Calculates and converts the fuel weight and volume of a given quantity of JetA, JetB, or Avgas given the temperature of the fuel. Note: The fuel Weight/Volume formulas are based on an average of fuel densities and may not correspond exactly to the density of the fuel you may be using in your aircraft!